The Dubliners The Significance Of Ireland - 1322 Words

The Dubliners – The Significance of Ireland By: Adam Pasternak 250796941 Dr. Donaldson The Dubliners is collection of short stories by James Joyce where all of the stories occur in Ireland, mostly in the capital of Dublin. These stories take place in the early years of the 20th Century. These stories depict the typical Irish middle class life. During this time period, there was a very negative morale. England was still in control of Ireland and the people of Ireland were very bitter. The Irish people had difficult lives and struggled with their responsibilities to support their families or to simply find happiness. The stories demonstrate the desire for the characters to escape their lives in Ireland for a more desirable life somewhere†¦show more content†¦Indian battles out of a magazine. The narrator in the story wanted more of an escape. The narrator describes this desire, â€Å"real adventures do not happen to people who remain at home: they must be sought abroad.† (Joyce, 21) The boys skipped school to explore the ships along the wharf and the Pig eon House (the power plant in Dublin). When they were walking, they encountered an elderly man. The man was clearly very â€Å"old-school† as he told the boys that any boy seen talking to a girl should be whipped, and that he would be happy to do it himself. The boys immediately turned back, frightened. The adventure was a disappointment to the boys. This story could be interpreted in such a way that we can see that the boys clearly were not physically trying to escape, but that they were mentally trying to escape. Instead of reenacting the battles of the Romans, they pretended to be cowboys in America. The boys were physically in Ireland, but their minds were elsewhere. Ireland was very depressing at that time and the country was largely guided by religion. It was very hard to live the typical life we see today. Everyone was somewhat miserable in Ireland and in The Dubliners, while most would not admit it, everyone was thinking of the possibility of a happy life somewhere else, except no one actually left. If they did leave, they ended up coming back to Ireland. It is almost as if the characters were paralyzed, in the sense that they could not move away and leave Ireland.

The Great Depression and World War II Shaped My Grandmas...

The Great Depression and World War II Shaped My Grandmas Life My grandma, Alma Jean, was born in 1935 in Silo, Oklahoma, just outside of Durant. Her birth certificate says she was born in Durant because Silo was too small to be considered a real town. She lived there on a farm with her parents, Orval and Maggie Dale. It was the middle of the Great Depression, and they were a farming family at a time when it seemed like no one could make a living off the land. To supplement their income, Orval and his father worked for the Works Progress Administration (WPA). President Roosevelt set up the WPA the same year that my grandma was born (Divine 760). The WPA was similar to other work relief programs such as the CCC, PWA, CWA and NYA.†¦show more content†¦Her dad would sell the skins from the animals he caught. One winter, Maggie (his wife), used the money to buy my grandma a new red coat. However, despite their efforts, the family couldnt afford to stay in Oklahoma. Like many families during the Great Depression, they had to move to survive. In 1933, there were 5,190 bank failures in the U.S. (Divine 755) and unemployment was at 25 percent (Conlin 684). In 1930 a drought hit much of the South and Midwest. It lasted ten years and turned Americas farmland into an unproductive wasteland (Current 737). The drought area came to be known as the Dust Bowl (736). This, combined with the high unemployment and collapsed economy of the Depression, forced families to leave their farms in search of work. In 1932, one in four families living in the Dust Bowl was forced off its land (Conlin, 685). Most of them headed to California (686). They were called Okies and once they got to California, things usually werent much better. Work was hard to find, and because of Californias seasonal crops, it didnt last long. They lived migrant lives, following the crops. The wages were low and many employers found ways to cheat workers out of the little they did earn. Most of the Okies were homeless. They were despised and persecuted by police and native Californians (Current 738). My grandmas story, however, isnt as grim. In 1941, when my grandma was in first grade, they decided it was time to leave.

Conservation in the Peak District National Park Free Essays

Conservation in the Peak District National Park involves more than preventing damage and leaving the countryside alone. Management is needed to maintain the variety and interest of the landscape. This involves * Looking after the best features of the landscape, eg well maintained moorland and listed buildings. We will write a custom essay sample on Conservation in the Peak District National Park or any similar topic only for you Order Now * Improving neglected features eg rebuilding stonewalls and replanting woodlands. * Managing development so that damage is limited eg building and recreation activities. (2) Extent of Activity Now English Nature has designated 3.4% of the Park as Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). These SSSI’s cover 23,862 hectares of the Peak District. In these areas, manages must consult English Nature before making any changes which would adversely affect the Nature Conservation interests. The Derbyshire Dales National Nature Reserve includes parts of 5 limestone dales and is managed by English Nature. Country Wildlife Trusts manage reserves totalling 300 hectares. (3) Policies Governing Activity Many organisations are involved in the Peak District National Park these are, * English Nature- the official body responsible for promoting nature conservation nationally. * English Heritage- responsible for archaeology and the built environment. * Peak Park Joint Planning Board- they formulate the conservation policy for the Peak Park. * National Trust, RSPB, Wildlife Trusts- are all also involved with the decisions about the Park. The forestry commission and water companies own large areas of the Peak Park. (4) The Benefits/Importance of Conservation Conservation protects the land from being eroded by overgrazing and tourism. As well as this it monitors development so no unsuitable buildings are built which may spoil the traditional settlements and landscape within the Park. Conservation helps to protect wildlife in particular rare species, which may only be found within the Peak Park. For e.g. Grouse and Sphagnum moss. Conservation protects the characteristics of the Park by encouraging farmers to carry out traditional activities, such as dry stone walling. All of this means that as many people can enjoy the Park as possible but most importantly it’s beauty can be viewed by future generations. (5) The Future In the next 50 years we would like to see a continue in the protection of the Peak Park as a living and changing environment. However in order for the park to fulfil it’s main aim, which is to show the diversity of life, to provide a beautiful place for city dwellers to visit and to limit development in order to sustain the natural environment restrictions on certain activities must be enforced. We would like to discontinue the use of quarries, as quarrying causes unnecessary noise and air pollution and causes great scars in the natural landscape, which can never be totally repaired. As this is not appropriate as a large majority of Britain’s limestone and Fluorspar is provided from the Peak Park, we would not allow any NEW quarries to be started. We would like to limit tourism to such a degree that erosion and damage caused by recreation would be stopped, however once again this would not be possible. It would be more reasonable to limit tourism to certain areas, which may be maintained when required or a small charge in place in order to repair any damage caused. The small roads and villages were not made for the amount of traffic, which is currently running along them. So many cars cause much pollution, which is likely to affect the quality of air. For this we would like to introduce a ban on private transport and would like to see an improvement in park and ride schemes and public transport! The traditional activities of current farmers should be maintained to show the culture of the county side and the slower pace of life. Fertilisers should be positively rejected as these would soon damage the delicate balance of the current Peak Park. Small developments are fine but any major ones, which would spoil the natural feel of the Peak Park, should not take place. We must strive to provide a beautiful place for people from cities to visit and enjoy, however at present it seems that people are wrecking the very place they have come to admire! How to cite Conservation in the Peak District National Park, Papers

Organization Need People or People Need Organization Essay Example For Students

Organization Need People or People Need Organization Essay ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR PEOPLE NEED ORGANIZATION OR ORGANIZATION NEED PEOPLE SUBMITTED BY MONIKA RAJPUT MBA 1. INTRODUCTION Definitely organization always works for its customers. Profits of any organization are only depending on the no. of customers it have. So you can say that organization needs people (as customers) for its proper growth and sustainability. On the other side question arises that how an organization work? Simple answer! The people working for the organization make it to work. This group of people is known as workforce. Is it not the two sides of the same coin which is always focuses for the profit, growth and personal requirements whether it is an organization or the people. Without people, organization cannot achieve their goals, and vice versa without organization people cannot fulfill their needs and desires . So both the organization and people are mutually interdependent on each other. Let’s talk one by one. 2. WHY ORGANIZATION NEED PEOPLE There are two ways in which an organization needs people for its existence 1. As Customers 2. As workforce 1. AS CUSTOMERS With the increased globalization of markets, competition among market players has become more severe. In this competitive market, one of the most important factors is the achievement of customer satisfaction and excellence in service. Although the concept of customer satisfaction in customer oriented management is not new, the relationship between customers and corporations has been changing almost daily. Customers are becoming the absolute entity for corporations as the final decision makers for business deals and purchases of products. All organizations exist to serve a customer. Customers are real people, not account numbers or enterprise names. Because of this, customer buying decisions are very often made for emotional reasons. It is therefore most important to understand customers, their level of satisfaction, and their opinions of an enterprise, as well as their opinions of its competitors, if the enterprise is to grow and improve its market share. SWOT analysis can also play a role in understanding customers. Peter Drucker, the highly regarded management scholar and writer, stated, â€Å"The only valid definition of business purpose is to create a customer. † Successful organizations of the future will be those that can provide goods and services to the customers who want it, where they want it, and in the quantity and at the price they want it, thereby delighting rather than merely satisfying customers. Customer delight will lead to loyalty, which is one of the critical indicators used to measure the success of a marketing strategy. Services cannot, however, be performed without some form of relationship between the producer and the consumer and cannot be stored and retained for later use in the way typical of many tangible goods. Business corporations make efforts to create and provide their customers with higher value added, which consists of elements such as lower prices, additional benefits, and uniqueness in services. With rapid advances in information and communications technology, corporations can take advantage of the emerging IT systems to create infrastructure within the organization to improve responsiveness to customer needs and to track those needs, thereby improving customer satisfaction significantly. Top management should be aware of how to tap the power of IT to enhance customer services, resulting in better service quality and streamlining of processes. Here is an example where you can find that why customers are important for the existence of a company or organization EXAMPLE 1: Auto insurance companies require information about people who live with you Are car insurers allowed to require information about the people who live with you for your auto insurance policy? The very idea of an auto insurance company demanding such information from you may seem offensive. After all, what business is it of theirs, who lives in your house—particularly if you are the only person driving the insured car? Insurance companies must consider a variety of factors before determining the final price of your auto insurance policy. Remember that the insurance provider is not only insuring the price of the car, but also insuring the welfare and wellbeing of each passenger involved in a collision The insurance company will insist that anyone who lives in the same house, and who frequently or irregularly operates the same vehicle as an insured driver, must be accounted for on the policy and must take accountability as a second driver. Therefore, if a child becomes of legal age, then the insurance company will usually insist that he or she is officially added to the policy, unless they have their own separate policy. Does the insurance company have the right to ask about other drivers in your home? Definitely. The insurance company is trying to decide if they want to invest in your driving safety. Also bear in mind that the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) requires insurance companies to ask for this information, as this shows the company to be a legitimate and licensed insurance provider. Since the insurance company is required to ask this question, they must be given an answer pertaining to all members of the immediate family, and their driving history. This information will help the company to assign a proper auto insurance rating, and will ultimately decide the amount of risk involved. Always answer this question truthfully. Though nobody enjoys invasive questioning, when it comes to insurance policies, these questions must be answered. After all, you as a primary motorist want to disclose any possible scenarios to the insurance company well in advance of a contract being signed. Whenever a surprise scenario occurs (something not listed on the policy) then it is usually not covered. Not truthfully answering questions is tantamount to misrepresentation. This will result in a denial of all claims and a cancellation of the policy. So you may easily conclude that why organization need people as customers. Let’s take one more example The marketing concept and philosophy is one of the simplest ideas in marketing, and at the same time, it is also one of the most important marketing philosophies. At its very core are the customer and his or her satisfaction. The marketing concept and philosophy states that the organization should strive to satisfy its customers wants and needs while meeting the organizations goals. In simple terms, the customer is king. The implication of the marketing concept is very important for management. It is not something that the marketing department administers, nor is it the sole domain of the marketing department. Rather, it is adopted by the entire organization. From top management to the lowest levels and across all departments of the organization, it is a philosophy or way of doing business. The customers needs, wants, and satisfaction should always be foremost in every manager and employees mind. Wal-Marts motto of satisfaction guaranteed is an example of the marketing concept. Whether the Wal-Mart employee is an accountant or a cashier, the customer is always first. EXAMPLE 2: Selling philosophy of ford motor company The Ford Motor Company is also a good example of the selling philosophy and why this philosophy does not work in many instances. Ford produced and sold the Model T for many years. During its production, the automobile market attracted more competition. Not only did the competition begin to offer cars in other colors, the styling of the competition was viewed as modern and the Model T became considered as old-fashioned. Henry Fords sons were aware of the changes in the automobile market and tried to convince their father to adapt. However, Henry Ford was sure that his standardized low-price automobile was what the public needed. Consequently, Ford turned to marketing techniques to sell the Model T. It continued to sell, but its market share began to drop. Eventually, even Henry Ford had to recognize consumer desires and introduce a new model. The selling philosophy assumes that a well-trained and motivated sales force can sell any product. However, more companies began to realize that it is easier to sell a product that the customer wants, than to sell a product the customer does not want. When many companies began to realize this fact, the selling era gave way to the marketing era of the marketing concept and philosophy. 2. AS WORKFORCE An organization is a planned coordination of a number of people and their activities for the achievement of some specific goals through division of labor and hierarchy of authority. The organization is divided into distinct departments like marketing, production, finance, and personnel and all the department need people who are master in their fields and are able to achieve organization goals and objectives. Employees or workers are the most essential factors of business. It is seen that the main objective of almost all the organization is profit maximization. So in order to attain maximum profit and wealth, organization needs people with creative and innovative ideas. Leadership Essay SummaryFor day to day survival they need food, shelter etc. For this they need organizations which provide them these. So people need these organizations as customers for their needs. In brief, what would happen if people lived individually? Organizations are very important to our society, because organizations provide us safety, improve our understanding, reduce stress and most important satisfy our daily needs. EXAMPLE5: Shopping Malls for Purchasing Example which supports the fact people need organization is the opening of any shopping mall. Now a day shopping malls are most common, we can see shopping malls even in small cities. So shopping malls need many people for running the business and people also need organization for satisfying their needs. Examples are Reliance Mart which was opened recently 4 months ago in Crown Interior in Faridabad, Mega mart opened recently in Mathura road. They need people in various departments such as retailing, finance, personnel etc so that they can run their business properly. Vice versa people also need these malls or organization for purchasing their day to day needs EXAMPLE 6: Microfinance: poor people need financial services Microfinance is the supply of loans, savings, and other basic financial services to the poor. A microfinance institution (MFI) is an organization that provides microfinance services, ranging from small non-profit organizations to large commercial banks. An MFI can be broadly defined as any organization—credit union, down-scaled commercial bank, financial NGO, or credit cooperative—that provides financial services for the poor. Grameen Bank in Bangladesh was formed out of a project providing small loans to women in the village of Jobra. Bancosol, a commercial bank in Bolivia, is also a bank which provides microfinance services for the poor of Bolivia. However, the majority of formal banks do not provide microfinance products as microfinance is an expensive enterprise – you can make a lot more money on a large loan than a small loan, and you wont make much money holding savings accounts with very little funds in them. Banks can make more money if they only provide financial services to those who already have money. 3. 2 for job to earn money as salary and increase standard of living People need organization for earning money as salary and to increase standard of living. People want beings, they always looking for a comfortable life, a sense of accomplishment, a world of peace and beauty, security, self respect and social recognition. So to fulfill these desires and wants, people need a platform and thus the organization gives the platform. It is seen from Maslow’s law of hierarchy needs, that physiological need is the first need . It is the basic powerful and obvious of all human needs. This need is the need for physical survival which includes needs for fooding, clothing and shelter. People need money to fulfill these basic needs and thus they are getting money from organization by doing job. When the physiological needs are fulfilled, people are then looking for safety need which they are getting from organization as job security, salary increment, safe working condition, Pension scheme, group insurance and provident fund. People are social being; group membership becomes a dominant goal for individual. Being loved and accepted by others is instrumental to healthy feelings of worth. Organization is the place where people can meet their social needs by working in a team, by arising professional friendship, union etc . People always seek for social respect and esteem from others. In an organization people gets the full freedom of fulfilling these needs by doing challenging work assignments or projects, by taking major decisions which is profitable to organization and thus gain prestige, appreciation, recognition in the society. The foremost need which Maslow’s described is the need of self actualization, which is also possible to fulfill while working in an organization. Every person has different reasons for working. The reasons for working are as individual as the person. But, we all work because we obtain something that we need from work. The something we obtain from work impacts our morale and motivation and the quality of our lives. Here is the most recent thinking about what people want from work. Work IS About the Money Some people work for love; others work for personal fulfillment. Others like to accomplish goals and feel as if they are contributing to something larger than themselves, something important. Some people have personal missions they accomplish through meaningful work. Others truly love what they do or the clients they serve. Some like the camaraderie and interaction with customers and coworkers. Other people like to fill their time with activity. Some workers like change, challenge, and diverse problems to solve. Whatever your personal reasons for working, the bottom line, however, is that almost everyone works for money. Whatever you call it: compensation, salary, bonuses, benefits or remuneration, money pays the bills. Money provides housing, gives children clothing and food, sends teens to college, and allows leisure activities, and eventually, retirement. To underplay the importance of money and benefits to people who work is a mistake. Fair benefits and pay is the cornerstone of a successful company that recruits and retains committed workers. If you provide a living wage for your employees, you can then work on motivational issues. Without the fair, living wage, however, you risk losing your best people to a better-paying employer. EXAMPLE 7: Making Money Online From time to time we’ve talked about how to make money online. And the fact is that anybody can earn money with an online business. I know many folks, for example, who not only make money blogging, but make enough to quit their regular jobs. So today I thought we’d look at 5 real-life examples of sites started by individuals (not huge companies) that make good money online. Each site is very different from the others, and how they make money differs, too. But that’s what is so exciting about the online world. Blogussion is a blog about blogging started by Alex Frais, a 16 year old high school student. He was 14 when he started the site, and we interviewed Alex about one year ago. Alex designed an incredible website at Blogussion, and he earns money online in several ways. Most notably, he designed a WordPress theme that he sells for $44. 95. While creating your own product to sell online is just one approach to making money, it can be extremely profitable. Alex’s theme is designed around another Word Press theme called Thesis, which is what Dough Roller runs on. Thesis is itself another example of how to make money online, but it would take far more coding experience than most of us have. So we can say that here people can earn money using these kind of online jobs. Here prime motive is just to earn money. Work for Social recognisation, goals fulfillment and reputation EXAMPLE 8: People prefer TCS, Infosys, Wipro as Job preference for better growth. In India we always prefer for higher education like engineering, management, lawyer, doctor. Because we want to work for social recognition, goals fulfillment, money, reputation, security etc. And to achieve all these we need organization where we can work as employees for our goals in conjuction with the organization goals. Today every jobseeker wants to be a part of some reputated organization. As today Top IT companies like TCS, Infosys, Wipro are the top most priority for Graduates to work for different designations. The reason is Reputation of Company , job profile you get, Remunerations given by the company along with extra benefits, Comfort at work place with modern facilites ,job security etc. All these factors alays influence the people to become a part of these high class companies. So sometimes brand name of the company influences to work. CONCLUSION Lastly when we analyses every example then we find that organization is for the people for its goals to get fulfill whereas people need organization for their personal needs have to be satisfied. So interdependency exists and one can’t grow without the other. More share options Strategic Hr Topic 8 Bottom of Form

Important Committees in India free essay sample

It was headed by Justice J. C. shah 35. Shah Nawaz Committee was an enquiry committee established in 1956 to Investigate the upposed death of Indian Subhas Chandra Bose in August 1945. The Committee Included shah Nawaz Khan. 36. States Reorganisation Commission constituted by the Central Government of India under the States Reorganisation Act and consisted of Hon. Fazal All, K. M. Panikker, and H. N. Kunzru. The Report submitted by the Committee in 1955 known as SRC Report went in to the problems of Telangana and Andhra regions. nd the arguments for and against the merger of two regions. 3. Srikrlshna Commission : 1992 Bombay riots 4. Thakkar Commission : Indira Gandhi assassination case R. N. Malhotra, former RBI Governor. A COMMITTEE was set up In 1993 under the chairmanship of R. N. Malhotra, former Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, to make recommendations for reforms in the insurance sector. The Malhotra Committee recommended introduction of a concept of professionalisation in the insurance sector to make out a strong case for paving the way for foreign capital. We will write a custom essay sample on Important Committees in India or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In its report submitted in 1994, the committee recommended, among other things, that: Private players be Included In the Insurance sector. Foreign companies be allowed to enter the insurance sector, preferably through Joint ventures with Indian partners. The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority sector. The key objectives of the IRDA would include promotion of competition so as to enhance customer satisfaction through increased consumer choice and lower premiums while ensuring the financial security of the insurance market. Brokers representing the customer be brought in as another marketing and distribution channel, a practice prevalent in most developed markets Raise the level of professional standards in risk management and underwriting and speed up settlement of claims. Following the recommendations, the IRDA was constituted as an utonomous body in 1999 and incorporated as a statutory body in April 2000. With the coming into force of the IRDA Act, 1999, the insurance industry was opened up to the private sector. Janakiraman Committee The Indian Stock Market witnessed a rapid growth during 1991 and early 1992. It was assumed by the economists that the growth in the market was because of the growth story of India at that time. However, by April, 1992, it came to light that certain groups of stock brokers were defrauding the banks of their funds in the name of securities transactions and diverting the funds to stock market through their own accounts. CBI registered several cases against various groups of stock brokers. Further, a Joint Parliamentary Committee OPC) was also appointed to look into the scam. The JPC observed, The Scam is basically a deliberate misuse of public funds through various types of securities transactions with the aim of illegal siphoning off funds of banks and PSUs to select brokers for speculative transactions. The major groups of brokers involved were a) Harshad S. Mehta Group. b) Bhupen Dalal Group. c) Hiten Dalal Group. d) Alay Kayan Group. The above brokers used to commit frauds in the securities transactions with banks ike SBI, NHB, UCO Bank and certain cooperative banks, etc. n Ready Forward/ Double Ready Forward/ Switch Deals, etc. by furnishing bogus securities papers like BRs and SGL forms, which did not have any securities backing. The funds deployed by such banks were diverted to the stock market for the personal transactions of the brokers, whereby they enriched themselves. As per the Janakiraman Committee Report of RBI, the scam was of the magnitude of Rs. 4025 crore. CBI registered several cases against the above group of brokers for those cases . CBI, BSFC, Mumbai Branch registered 17 cases, out of which 15 were hargesheeted. Of these 15, 11 cases have been disposed off by the TORTS Court in Mumbai Alai Vikram Singh Committee In an attempt to give the army a leaner and meaner look, and to eliminate prospects of stagnation at its middle rung, the UPA government today announced that it would implement the major recommendations of the Alai Vikram Singh committee. Set up on July 16, 2001 by the NDA government, the committee, which was headed by then special secretary in the MOD, Mr Alai Vikram Singh (whos now the defence secretary), was asked to look into manpower-planning and suggest ways to restructure the officer-level cadre. It submitted its report a little over a year later, but its recommendations have since then been debated and discussed extensively, but could not be implemented. The Manmohan Singh government has now decided to do Just that. The acceptance of a part of the long-pending report of the A V Singh committee was announced today by defence minister Pranab Mukherjee on the ground that it would ensure better career prospects in the armed forces. The implementation will mean that the country can now look forward to an army with a youthful profile of its combat level officers, including battalion commanders and brigade commanders. The need for reducing the age of combat level officers was felt during the Kargil crisis when in mountainous terrain, a lot of battalion commanders were not able to keep pace with the fghting force under their command. RaJinder Sachar Committee The RaJinder Sachar Committee, appointed in 2005 by the Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, was commissioned to prepare a report on the latest social,economic and educational condition of the Muslim community of India. The committee was headed by the former Chief Justice of Delhi High Court RaJinder Sachar, including other six The committee prepared a report f 403 pages, and presented in the lower house (Lok Sabha) of the Indian Parliament on 30 November 2006 (20 months after obtaining the terms of reference from the PMO). [6] The committee had highlighted and presented its suggestions and solutions to include and mainstream Indian Muslims. The online report is available from the Indian Government website. 7] The report is first of its kind revealing the backwardness of Indian Muslims, according to Sachar Committee report some of the major concers are: The status of Indian Muslims are below the conditions of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. [8] The overall percentage of Muslims in bureaucracy in India is Just 2. 5% whereas Muslims constitute above 14% of Indian population. [9] To ensure equity and equality of opportunities to Indian multiple suggestions to be adopted, with a suitable mechanis ms. In June 1977 Justice Sachar was appointed by the government to chair a committee that reviewed the Companies Act and the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, submitting an encyclopaedic report on the subject in August 1978. Sachars committee recommended a major overhaul of the corporate reporting system, and particularly of the approach to reporting on social impacts Jyoti Basu Committee (Report on Octroi Abolition) Jyoti Basu was a Bengali politician belonging to the Communist Party of India (Marxist)from West Bengal, India.

Subject Boring

Subject Boring Here lately, Ive been running wide out with deadlines and tasks atop of sick relatives, surgery, a new puppy, and the ice storm from hell. That not only throws me in high gear, but it also makes me sort at a glance much like an agent. Sort what, you might ask? Emails, blogs to read, submissions for FundsforWriters, and requests for reviews. And you might be surprised at the key factor I use in deleting or holding to read. The quality of the subject line. Hey, when time is crazy limited, and I have chapters to write and newsletters to prepare, something has to give. Im a fast reader Yeah, that latter part sounds stupid, but that literally runs through my head. Will I regret having missed this? Butit has to start with the subject. Okay, lets talk about whats good and whats not. Ive snared these good ones from the past week. They got my attention and dragged me to their sites. How Much Should a Writer Charge for Speaking? How I Read Slush: 3 Lessons for Writers. 5 Ways to Add Humor to Your Writing. What doesnt work for me when Im in a pinch is general stuff like these. They tell me nothing. And unless the person being interviewed in the story is a huge household name, whats going to draw me in to read about an unknown? When writing about a relatively unknown individual, at least use the subject to spark interest. How to Write Better How to Build a Platform A Conversation with Novelist (fill in the blank) An Interview with (fill in the blank) A Visit with (fill in the blank) A Talk about Writing Rules On the line is something like: 3 Things I Wish I Knew Before I Published Three Is in the subject line tells me this piece is about the author, and not necessarily with focus on me and my needs. But I like learning about mistakes so I dont make them. This one is iffy. And if I happen to open up the piece, I scan first. Headers and subheaders then tell me whether to invest my time. Im not making this up! We read about this all the time. Agents, editors and publishers scan. They also have deadlines, sick relatives, surgery and snow. They have the same 24 hours as we do . . . and most of them actually have a life afterwards! So, after youve poured your heart and soul and deep intellect into a piece, whether its a blog post, a list post, or a submission, take serious time to title it skillfully. Think over-the-top wording because thats what captures a readers interest. If your subject doesnt snag them, they never get to read your beautiful words that follow.

Wingtip Toys Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Wingtip Toys - Assignment Example Thus, the notion of keeping in touch with all the hardware and software changes all around the globe are the leading driving factors to organizations maintaining their day-to-day updates on Information Technology. One of the major software advancements that go hand in hand with changes in network configurations of several organizations is the Windows Server (Stair & Reynolds, 2012). Windows Server, a server-based operating system provided by the Microsoft Corporation. It offers a significant number of useful services to its targeted users. Among the major uses of Windows Server is the general feature of providing users with a front end where they can perform their daily activities as regards application management and surfing the Internet (Stair & Reynolds, 2012). Furthermore, Windows provides the capability for users to play games or make controls on online applications that are based on other servers usually over the satellite. Over the last few decades, Windows Server 2003 was the most widely used in performing the aforementioned activities all around the globe.... The new one usually focuses on solving major problems that exist in the earlier versions. On the basis of the advancements in features and capabilities in Windows Server 8 Wingtip Toys aims to take a thorough analysis of the Strengths, Weaknesses, and Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) that form the fundamental aspects of this System software. For any network administrator, SWOT analysis of a new hardware or software acts as the focal point to determining the capability of the new feature to meet the expected network security standards in an organization and as per the globally accepted characteristic of a safe networking environment (Dulaney, 2011). As mentioned earlier, Windows Server 2008 is system software of which it will be expected to aid in smoothening the networking activities that go around in Wingtip Toys business organizations and specifically in its need to be connected over satellite based network servers. Thus, the notion of performing a thorough SWOT analysis by a netwo rk administrator is driven solely by the urge of maintaining a secure network environment for the organization (Dulaney, 2011). The (SWOT) Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats analysis is basically built on the idea of figuring out whether or not Windows Server 2008 is more feasible compared to Windows Server 2003. It is basically clear that since Wingtip Toys greatly makes use of the internet in the performance of daily activities, then network security is at the forefront in enhancing security of the hardware devices and Software applications that are used by its clients (Dulaney, 2011). Windows Server 2008 comes in as an upgrade to

Block 7 (Week 13&14) Exercise 7 (Respiratory System Mechanics) Coursework

Block 7 (Week 13) Exercise 7 (Respiratory System Mechanics) assigned from pages 85-95 - Coursework Example narrowing of the airways due to bronchial smooth muscle contraction as in Asthma; inflammation of the bronchial mucosa and hypertrophy of bronchial glands as happens in Bronchitis. 2. As a result of the tidal volume change, what happens to the flow into each lung and total air flow? Air flow into each lung is also increased resulting in increase in increased total flow into the lungs. The puncture in the lungs causes the air to flow into the intrapleural cavity of the lungs through the puncture equating the pressure inside with that of the atmosphere. The elasticity (surface tension) of the lung aleoli compresses the aleoli resulting in the collapse. There is minimum airflow to the left lung. The pressure in the left lung is still the same (zero), the air flow in the left lung ecomes zero. The lungs are only using right lung for respiration. The total air flow is equal to that to the right lung (69.56 ml). The diaphragm descends and the ribcage elevates (expands) – the increased intrathoracic volume results in decreased intrathoracic pressure compared to the atmospheric pressure. Air flows from the high atmospheric pressure to the low intrathoracic pressure filling the lungs. Rapid respiration (hyperventilation) results in the expulsion of more CO2 from the lungs. The CO2 is drawn from the bicarbonate buffer system of the blood. The concentration of CO2 in blood decreases resulting in increase in blood pH (alkalosis). The two values are used to assess the pulmonary function. They tell the clinician about the health of the lungs, any comression or obstruction to tht airflow as well as the extent of the pulmonary dieases (e.g. COPD). They reflect how much the lung function ahs been compromised due to the disease. Emphysema is a disease characterized by dilation f the alveolar spaces and destruction of the alveolar walls. The reoil function of the lungs is also compromised causing a decrease in expiratory flow. Therefore FEV1 is decreased. The lungs become

1) answer these 3 questions using slides uploaded. 2) summarize slides Essay

1) answer these 3 questions using slides uploaded. 2) summarize slides - Essay Example Task-focused approach is directive and consultative as the same time. This is common in universities where the senate makes decisions and communicates them formally through instructions, emails, and memos due to its bureaucratic nature.Managers at low levels may consult to gain commitment of staff. Banks on the other hand, mostly engage in charismatic transformation through directed business process re-engineering. This is because its success is based on how it functions and often needs to restructure processes. Multinational enterprises operate in a dynamic environment hence need to adapt to changes frequently. In this case, it may engage in facilitated as well as directed change styles and its scale of change may vary from fine tuning to corporate transformation. It is therefore likely to engage in turnarounds hence use directive style with some coercion. A good example is the Toyota lean manufaturing technique referred as the Just-in-Time manufacturing and involves eliminating was te in the production process.This type of change may not be applicable to universities which mostly deal with people and not manufacturing processes. There are many factors that can cause organisations to fail in their change initiatives. One key factor is inefficient communication. The way management communicates change determines whether it will be succesful or not as communication is meant to gain engagement and commitment to a cause. The leader needs to explain why change is vital, how they will benefit from it and what will not change so as to minimise anxieties and resistance. Communication also allows the leader to give a vision or direction of where the company is going and what is expected of everyone. In this way, staffs will be commited to the change implementation otherwise they will resist. However, it is not only communication that matters but

Strategic Thinking And Swot Analysis Commerce Essay

Strategic Thinking And Swot Analysis Commerce Essay In this study, SWOT analysis is presented with elaborating the steps. Defining and articulating it roles in strategic planning and development steps are also covered. Besides, it exemplified in the case of organizational performance for small and medium enterprises in Egypt. SWOT which stands for an abbreviation of (strength, weakness, opportunity and threat); is an analysis that defined as method to examine organizations internal factors dealing with strengths and weaknesses, and its environmental opportunities and also the threats. SOWT analysis usually use in the preliminary phase of decision making as a general tool which it designed for being antecedent to strategic planning in different case and applications. (Johnson et al., 1989; Bartol et al., 1991). Based on some other definitions like Formisano (2003), SWOT Analysis can be used as a model, process, technique or framework to generate information about those factors in organization by having many applications with possibility of being used in all the levels of the organization. So, SWOT can be defined as internal analysis of organizational Strengths (what an operation does well) and Weaknesses (what an operation does not do well) and as well as the external analysis of environmental Opportunitie s (potential favorable conditions for an operation) and Threats (potential unfavorable conditions for an operation); and it is a general tool at the initial stages of policy making and strategic planning and as well, it is a part of the latter stages of analyzing the performance and planning for further development of the organization on. SWOT analysis is used as a technique in order to develop a planning process and solutions for the problems that are related with different internal and external factors and maximize the potential of strengths and opportunities as well as minimizing the negations of weakness and threats (Sharma Singh, 2010; Schermerhorn, 2006; Bennett, et al., 2003). The first step of SWOT analysis is a systematic evaluation of the organizations resources and capabilities. Strength in SWOT analysis is connected to competitive advantages and distinguishing competencies of the company in its market environment. But weaknesses can be considered as limitations that can affect the progress of the company in a negative way. This evaluation includes identifying core competencies by considering special strengths which are superior to the competitors. The core competency is a special strength which gives an organization a competitive advantage and it may be found in special knowledge or expertise, superior technologies, efficient manufacturing technologies, or unique product distribution systems, among many other possibilities. Strategy formulation has an aim which is to form strategies that leverage core competencies for competitive advantage by constructing organizational strengths and minimizing the impact of weaknesses (Houben et al., 1999; Schermerho rn, 2006). Figure 1. SWOT Analysis of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (Schermerhorn, 2006, p.88) Strengths: Strength of an operation is the first internal element of the SWOT analysis. The strengths cover what an operation does well. The strengths may be being low-cost producer or high quality product producer. It depends on the perspective (Bennett, et al., 2003, p.2). Weaknesses: The weakness of an operation is another internal element of the SWOT analysis. Examining weaknesses cover identifying what an operation does not do well. They must be examined from the internal and external perspective of the operation. Usually all operations, regardless of size or profitability have weaknesses (Bennett, et al., 2003, p.2). Opportunities: Opportunity is the first external element of the SWOT analysis. The opportunities cover any convenient situation in the businesss environment that the operation may gain an advantage form. The range can be from diversification and the use of new technologies to market trends and relationship developments. And usually all operations have some opportunities. It is important to analyze them well (Bennett, et al., 2003, p.2). Threats: Another element of the SWOT analysis is the external threats. All operations can face threats and the threats can range from lower international prices to key relationships that have some problems. The operation of the organization must take some actions to prevent the external threats (Bennett, et al., 2003, p.2). SWOT analysis is used as inputs to generate possible strategies. And next step is to decide these strategies after the identification and analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (Houben et al., 1999). 2.1 SWOT Analysis Steps Based on Houben et al. (1999) as a first step in the development of a strategic planning system, business managers therefore commence with the identification and evaluation of these strategic factors which assist or hinder the company in reaching its full potential. Normally every company is confronted with a dynamic environment; the relative importance of a strategic factor will change constantly, so the SWOT analysis is correspondingly to be of a permanent nature. The list of strategic factors can be used as a point of departure for the actual strategic plan within a small or medium sized enterprise. It is a flexible instrument. The greatest advantage is that it helps managers of small and medium sized enterprises survey the different management areas, gain insight into the significance within the framework of the company, and accordingly initiate suitable actions. Bartol et al. (1991) mentioned that responding to internal strengths and weaknesses is therefore an essential componen t of the strategic management process. But success can only be achieved in this respect to the extent that one is familiar with the opportunities and threats resulting from the external environment. The recognition of the internal strengths and weaknesses, as well as external opportunities and threats, takes place on the basis of a study, which called SWOT analysis. Generally no standard list of crucial factors which apply for all companies exists because of the specificity of this set. Within the framework of this study, however, we chose to concentrate solely on the internal business environment. This therefore only concerns the identification of strengths and weaknesses. Strengths thereby relate to the competitive advantages and other distinguishing competencies which can be exploited by the company on the market. A distinguishing competence is something which can be done very capably by a company. Weaknesses, on the other hand, are limitations which hinder the progress of a company in a certain direction. Weaknesses are those attributes of the organization that impede achieving the objective and limitations or deficiency in one or more resources or competencies relative to competitors that impedes a firms effective performance. Opportunities are outside conditions that help to achieve the objective major situation in a firms environment. Key trends are one source of opportunities and identification of a previously overlooked market segment, changes in competitive or regulatory circumstances, technological changes, and improved buyer or supplier relationships could represent opportunities for the firm. Threats are also outside conditions that impede achieving the objective and impediments to the firms current or desired position. The entrance of new competitors, slow market growth, increased bargaining power of key buyers or suppliers, technological changes, and new or revised regulations could represent threats to a firms success (Mintzberg and Quinn, 1991). According Johnson et al. (1989) ; Bartol et al. (1991) taking strategic actions is advised for the organizations to preserve or sustain strengths, offset weaknesses, avert or mitigate threats, and capitalize on opportunities. Strategies can consider as the balancing act between the external environment like opportunities and threats and the internal capabilities of the firm such as strengths and weaknesses. Basically SWOT analysis is an extremely useful tool for understanding and decision-making for all sorts of situations in business and organizations. As a first step in the development of a strategic planning system, business managers should therefore commence with the identification and evaluation of these strategic factors which assist or hinder the company in reaching its full potential. Because every company is confronted with a dynamic environment, the relative importance of a strategic factor will change constantly, so this analysis is accordingly to be of a permanent nature. In identifying SWOT a particular factor is relevant only with reference to a specific objective. For example, a large cash balance is strength if the objective is expansion. If the objective is to discourage a hostile take-over, a large cash balance is a weakness. The SWOT analysis headings provide a good framework for reviewing strategy, position and direction of a company or business proposition, or any other idea. Completing a SWOT analysis is sometimes simple and useful which can be used for business planning, strategic planning, competitor evaluati on, marketing, business and product development and research reports (Houben et al.1999). The strengths and weaknesses can be found in the functional company fields, or they may be a consequence of abnormal interaction between different fields. Furthermore, the strengths and the weaknesses of an aspect must be measured at different levels of the organization; this can be at group level, at individual company level or at product or market level. The evaluation of the performances of the past may not be neglected with the measuring of strengths and weaknesses because it provides historic insight into the strategy of the company previously implemented as well as the successes accordingly achieved (Glass, 1991). Historic investigations may not only be limited to the pure analysis of the paths followed by the company in the past and the results achieved, they must also devote attention to the reasons for this success. With the lists compiled, sort and group facts and ideas in relation to the objectives. It may be necessary for the SWOT participants to select their five most im portant items from the list in order to gain a wider view. Clarity of objectives is a key to this process, as evaluation and elimination will be necessary to cull the wheat from the chaff. Although some aspects may require further information or research, a clear picture should, at this stage, start to emerge in response to the objectives (Johnson et al., 1989; Bartol et al., 1991). 3. SWOT Analysis and Strategic Planning SWOT analysis is mainly part of the strategic planning process buy studying on internal and external forces in the business environment of a company of organization. As a first step of a strategic planning system, the strategic factors that are related with the potential of the company, should be identified and evaluated. The identification and evaluation of the strategic factors helps to reach an actual strategic plan and as a result the managers are able to gain insight of internal and external nature of the company and establish suitable actions in order to reach good performance (Houben et al., 1999, p.2) In order to have good performance in strategic planning, the future objectives on the companys strength and the weaknesses of the company must be considered by the company. Internal strengths and weaknesses are the main components of the strategic management process but it must be reinforced with considering opportunities and threats from the external environment. According to Hill and Roy (1997, p.46), SWOT analysis is one of the most straightforward approaches for analyzing the strategy of an organization. SWOT as it explained before, is the acronym for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats which according to Zack (1999, p.126) SWOT framework is one of the well-known approaches to define a strategy. Considering Zack, Hill and Roy statements about SWOT, it can conclude that this approach can be used in order to define and analyze organizations strategy. This analysis consists of two parts. First, we have to analyze the internal characteristics and capabilities of the organization, which analysis helps us to identify the strengths and the weaknesses that the organization has. In the second part, we have to analyze the external situations in the competitive environment, which this analysis helps us to identify the opportunities and the threats that the company may faces. After identification of these four factors, a strategy for the company can be presented. Based on Zack statement (1999, p. 127) strategy is the act of balancing between internal and external situations of a given organization. And a good strategy is the one which ensure a fit between external situations of the company with its own internal capabilities (Hill and Westbrook, 1997, p.47). This analysis was in power for at least 30 years. Zack (1999, p.128) believes that companies who have superior knowledge, can sustain their competitive advantage by the use of those knowledge in order to combine, coordinate, develop and exploit their resources and capabilities in a new way and better than their competitors. Buckman Labs competed in certain markets based on its superior knowledge of how to apply its chemicals to solve the process treatment problems of its customers. After explaining SWOT framework in previous section, and talking about knowledge as a strategic asset and the sustainable competitive advantage which could be achieved through the application of the knowledge that exists in an organization, the author (Zack, 1999, p. 130) proposes that: Firms need to perform a knowledge-based SWOT analysis, mapping their knowledge resources and capabilities against their strategic opportunities and threats to better understand their points of advantage and weakness. The outcome of this analysis could be a map that can help the organization to strengthen its knowledge advantages and reduce its knowledge weaknesses. This map reveals the knowledgebase resources and capabilities of one organization and the knowledge that this organization needs in order to be competitive in the market by providing the products and services. As we mentioned earlier, we can thought of this as a knowledge strategy. Zack (1999, p.131) mentions three steps that should be taken in order to describe the link between strategy and knowledge: 1. Organization needs to identify its strategic goals. 2. Organization must evaluate the knowledge that it needs in order to achieve its strategic goals. 3. Comparison between the knowledge that one organization has and the knowledge that one organization needs reveals the strategic knowledge gaps of that organization. A firm, according with its current knowledge, must identify the best product and market opportunities for exploiting that knowledge. For example, Most importantly, it recognized the difference and managed and developed its strategic knowledge accordingly (Zack, 1999, p.131). Therefore, we can consider the knowledge as an important strategic resource for sustaining the competitive advantage. There are 3 reasons why knowledge makes the advantage sustainable, as first that knowledge which is gained from organizational procedures through experience is unique and cannot easily be reproduced. Because acquiring this knowledge require competitors to engage in similar experiences which need time and money. Second is that, those firms which know more can learn more in comparison to their competitors who have just started to gather knowledge. Third reason is that, the integration between newly gained knowledge and the knowledge that the firm already has can create unique insights and more valuable knowledge that is difficult for the competitors to gain. These reasons all lead to a sustainable competitive advantage. Strategic management is a collection of decisions and actions that are taken by the business management to determine the long-term activities of the company. Basically strategic management has three elements (Houben et al., 1999, p.126), the formulation of a strategy; the implementation of a strategy; the control and evaluation of the strategy. Internal and external environment analysis must be done before applying these stages. While analyzing of the internal and external environment will result in an overview of all opportunities and threats and also weaknesses and strengths will be reviewed and these are SWOT analysis results. If we want to define the internal and external environments, the external environment include the variables existing outside the company, they are in the short-term and not under the control of the company and they are from the context in which company exists and functions. The external variables are divided as; direct and indirect environment. The elements or groups are directly influenced by the actions of the company are considered as the direct environment (industry environment), such as; the shareholders, the government, the suppliers, the local authorities, the competitors, the clients, the creditors and the employees organizations. The general forces that have an impact on the long term decisions of the company are considered as indirect environment (macroenvironment) such as; economic, socio-cultural, technological, political and juridical influences (Houben et al., 1999, p.126; Schermerhorn, 2006, pp.87-88). The variables of the internal environment within the company belong to the business management of the company that does not have an influence in the short-term. These variables include the company structure, the company culture and the resources of the company. One of the three elements of strategic management was the formulation of a strategy and it is a process for the development of long-term plans, to respond to environmental opportunities and threats effectively by considering the strengths and weaknesses of the company (Houben et al., 1999, p.126). Figure.3.1.1 illustrates the SWOT analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Companies need to take some specific actions to identify and understand their competitive strengths and weaknesses; and the development of the competitive strategy depends on building a global overview that considers the strengths and weaknesses. The strengths and weaknesses can place in the functional company fields, or can be a consequence of unusual interaction between different fields. In addition, the strengths and the weaknesses must be analyzed at the different levels of the company such as; organization, group, individual, company, product or market level (Houben et al., 1999). The current strategic position forms a very important point of departure for the development of a future strategy. It is very difficult to understand the current strategy if a formal planning system was previously absent. The studying of the competition, the current strategic prospects, performances from the past, the market possibilities and the market environment provide us with insight concerning information required for the indication of strengths and weaknesses. Where possible these strengths and weaknesses are to be represented in objective terms. It must be commented that most strengths concern the capabilities of certain personnel members or the resources at hand. A distinction can accordingly be made according to the present product/market combinations. It is therefore sensible to make a distinction according to the extent to which these strengths and weaknesses are of a critical nature. As regards the critical factors, an attempt must be made to sort them on the basis of st rengths (Johnson et al., 1989; Bartol et al., 1991). Good performances within a company are the results of correct interaction of the business management with its internal and/or external environment. To operate successfully in this respect, the company must concentrate its future objectives on its strengths, while averting tendencies related to the companies weaknesses. Responding to internal strengths and weaknesses is therefore an essential component of the strategic management process. But success can only be achieved in this respect to the extent that one is familiar with the opportunities and threats resulting from the external environment. Mintzberg and Quinn (1991) explained the recognition of the internal strengths and weaknesses, as well as external opportunities and threats, takes place on the basis of a SWOT-analysis. Within the framework of this study, however, we chose to concentrate solely on the internal business environment. This therefore only concerns the identification of strengths and weaknesses. Companies must und ertake specific actions in order to distinguish their competitive strengths and weaknesses. The strengths and weaknesses are found in the functional company fields, or they may be a consequence of abnormal interaction between different fields. Furthermore, the strengths and the weaknesses of an aspect are measured at different levels of the organization; this can be at group level, at individual enterprise level or at product or market level. 4. SWOT Analysis in Practice In this section we can overview the SWOT analysis of organizational performance of small and medium enterprises in Egypt through promoting the human factors in quality management systems. This analysis has been done by the survey results (the answers in the studied questionnaire) were analyzed by the SWOT method in order to identify the Egyptian manufacturing SMEs Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats, in order to generate information about their effects on organizational performance and to determine if there is a need to support systems for the organizations development or a need for system improvement (Shobery et al. 2010). This analysis the research team used as a guideline for developing the QMS model with focus on human factors. Egyptian manufacturing SMEs (Small-Medium Enterprises) have much strength and weaknesses, and many opportunities and threats which are generated from the business environment and have effects on the whole organization. Strengths of SMEs were confirmed by the results of the questionnaire and have supported, developed and promoted as a part of the basic infrastructure needed to achieve the criteria of the business excellence practices. Weaknesses indicated the problems and ineffective work systems which need to be solved and improved gradually to get a new and better infrastructure (Shobery et al. 2010). In their research they figured it out that opportunities mainly increase the number of international markets open to Egyptian manufacturing SMEs. Threats are mainly generated through competitive situations from the international trading competitors and free trade areas (FTAs). There is an increase in the number of overseas competitors most of which have a higher potential for international trade than Egyptian firms. Generally, strengths and opportunities influence the organizations performance in positive ways and also support the development of a QMS. In contrast, the weaknesses and threats have negative effects on the organizational performance, which hamper a successful implementation of a QMS. Effects of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats on the organizational performance in Egyptian manufacturing SMEs are presented in Table 1 and Figure 2. Based on their findings, a systematic schedule for the analysis of strengths and weaknesses is something constantly gaining popularity. Companies must undertake specific actions in order to distinguish their competitive strengths and weaknesses. History has shown this to be not particularly simple. Many companies only have vague ideas of the source of certain competencies and the extent to which they possess them. The absence of a global company overview prevents a clear picture being obtained. Despite these problems the development of a competitive strategy depends on having a global overview as regards strengths and weaknesses. 5. Conclusion By doing the SWOT analysis usually there are some ready expected advantages such as, an impetus to analyze a situation and develop suitable strategies and tactics, a basis for assessing core capabilities and competences, the evidence for, and cultural key to, change, a stimulus to participation in a group experience.

The Concept of the Sublime In Relation to America Essay examples -- Ph

The Concept of the Sublime In Relation to America The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries witnessed a revival of the concept of the Sublime. The Sublime, as a notion, first reached English theorists by way of Nicholas Boileau-Desprà ©aux’s translation of the Greek text attributed to Longinus titled â€Å"On the Sublime,† which discussed the Sublime within writing. The work categorized sublimity as raising men â€Å"almost to the intellectual greatness of God† (Longinus, 76). Once raised to extreme intellectual heights the authors were then able to raise others to the limits of their being. In short, â€Å"the effect of the Sublime is â€Å"transport† (ekstasis) - it is a quality of a passage which â€Å"shatters the hearer’s composure,†Ã¢â‚¬  (Abrams, 308) due to the heightened ability of the writer. Longinus’ concept of the Sublime reached further fruition when discussed in Edmund Burke’s Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful and I mmanuel Kant’s Critique of Judgment, as well as in works by Dennis, Addison, Hume and poets Wordsworth, Thomson, and Mallet who attempted to clarify and diversify the concept. America, a land bubbling over with sublime images, added real-world value to the discussion; as such, the literature, philosophy and art during America’s exploration of itself focused on the image of the sublime as a means of breaking from the past, of discerning power and of forging a new identity. The Sublime is an aesthetic concept that deals with the force of a perception. For Edmund Burke, who brought the Sublime from â€Å"the level of judgment as David Hume had done†¦.[to the] level of sensibility† (Sertoli), the Sublime emerged from contemplation of â€Å"whatever is fitted in any sort to excite the i... ...ry_theory/entries/british_theory_and_criticism-_2.html Rodgers, David. Sublime, the. 10/11/98. Grover Online Dictionary of Art. 10/02/04. http://www.joh.net/phd/appendices/texts/sublimegove.html Sertoli, Guispeppe. â€Å"Edmund Burke.† The John Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism. 1997. John Hopkins University Press. 10/05/04. http://www.press.jhu.edu.ezproxy.library.dal.ca/books/hopkins_guide_to_literary_theory/entries/edmund_burke.html _______. Sublime. 2001. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 10/02/04 http://www.iep.utm.edu/s/sublime.htm http://www.press.jhu.edu.ezproxy.library.dal.ca/books/hopkins_guide_to_literary_theory/entries/british_theory_and_criticism-_2.html Sulerud, Maija. Thomas Cole: The Oxbow (The Connecticut River near Northampton) 1836. 2003. St. Olaf College. 10/02/04. http://www.stolaf.edu/depts/cis/wp/sulerudm/